Section 42-1 Review Origin and Evolution of Birds

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Birds Chapter 42

Origin and Development of Birds Section 42. 1

Important characteristics Feathers – only birds have them! Wings – modified forelimbs Lightweight, rigid skeleton – hollow bones Endothermic metabolism – 104 -106 o F Unique respiratory system – most efficient Beak – no teeth Oviparity – eggs incubated by parents

Evolution Similarities to dinosaurs: – Flexible, S-shaped neck – Unique talocrural joint joint – Hollow bones Birds evolved from small, fast-running carnivorous dinosaurs Oldest bird fossil - Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx Jurassic flow – 150 meg years ago Similar to modernistic birds considering: – Hollow bones – Furcula: fused collarbone (aka wishbone) – Feathers Similar to dinosaurs because: – Teeth – Claws on forelimb – Long, boney tail

Origin of flight 2 major hypotheses: one. Ancestors were tree dwellers that ran forth branches and jumped from tree to tree, gliding wings offset evolved then the ability to flap came later on. ii. Ancestors were state dwellers that leapt after their prey, wings served to trap or knock down prey and over time became large plenty to fly.

Feathers Modified scales Ii main functions: – Provide lift for flight – Conserve body rut Types of feathers: – Downwards feathers – insulation – Profile feathers – streamline shape, coloration, insulation – Flight feathers – on wings and tail for flight video

Parts of a plume

Construction of the plumage Follicles: tiny pits that feather develops from Shaft: emerges from the follicle Vanes: two vanes on reverse side of shaft Barbs: branches of the vane Barbules: projections on the barbs with microscopic hooks Keratin: protein that makes up the plumage video

Care of feathers Preening: use neb to rub feathers with oil secreted by the preen gland at the base of operations of the tail. Molting or shedding of feathers periodically

Characteristics of Birds Department 42. two

Skeleton & Muscles Sparse, hollow bones fused together Sternum: breastbone is zipper betoken for flying muscles Pygostyle: last fused vertebrae that supports the tail feathers Flight muscles account for 50% of bird's weight

Metabolism Endothermic therefore require large quantities of food to generate oestrus Aquatic birds take a layer of fat to insulate Cannot go through long periods of fourth dimension without food

Digestive & Excretory Systems Path of food: oral cavity esophagus crop 2 -part stomach (proventriculus & gizzard) modest intenstine with bile from liver large intestine cloaca vent Path of wastes: claret kidneys ureters cloaca (mixes with feces) vent

Digestive Organization

Respiratory System Highly efficient Path of air: nostrils trachea branched bronchi lungs (25%) or air sacs (75%) Air sacs: – nine full – Stores excess air – Allows for oxygenated air in lungs during exhale and inhale

Respiratory Organization

Circulatory System Rapid heartbeat – Up to 1000 beats per minute! four chambered eye – Similar mammals

Nervous Organization & Sense Organs Big brains (relative to trunk size) Some birds have color vision and/or binocular vision Some birds have a developed sense of odour Sense of hearing also important

Reproduction Sperm movement: testies vasa deferentia cloaca female's cloaca Egg motility: ovary oviduct fertilized by sperm improver of beat cloaca vent

Nest Edifice & Parental Intendance Lay eggs in nest Methods of rearing young: – Precocial: active as soon as hatch – Altricial: helpless when born One or both parents incubate eggs by sitting on them and covering them with their brood patch – Thickened, featherless patch of pare on belly

video Migration Seasonal motility of birds from 1 habitat to another Cues to assist navigate: – Position of sunday and stars – Topographical landmarks – Magnetic field – Air pressure Ornithologist: biologist that report birds

Classification of Birds Department 42. 3

Diverseness Neb and claws infer diet and habitat Virtually widespread terrestrial animate being on planet 23 orders of birds

Order Anseriformes Examples: swans, geese, and ducks Aquatic Webbed feet Flattened neb Precocial young, care past female person

Society Strigiformes Examples: owls & nocturnal raptors Sharp, curved nib Sharp talons Bang-up sense of hearing to notice casualty

Order Apodiformes Examples: hummingbirds & swifts Small, fast-flying Tiny feet Long, narrow nib

Order Psittaciformes Examples: parrots, parakeets, macaws, cockatoos, & cockatiels Live in the tropics Stiff, hooked beak for opening seeds Two toes frontwards, ii toes backward for climbing & perching Highly vocal

Lodge Picformes Examples: woodpeckers & toucans Nest in tree cavities Multifariousness of bills based upon diet Same feet as parrots

Lodge Passeriformes Examples: familiar birds (robins, blue jays, cardinals, etc) perching birds: iii toes forrad, one toe backward songbirds: males produce songs to attract mate and warn away other males – Syrinx produces audio at base of trachea

Club Columbiformes Examples: pigeons & doves Plump-breasted, small heads Short cervix, legs, and pecker Crop secretes nutritious milk-like fluid to feed young – Crop milk

Order Ciconiiformes Examples: herons, storks, raptors, & penguins Earth-wide distribution – Habitat determines adaptations Many are wading birds

Order Galliformes Examples: turkeys, pheasants, chickens, bickering, & quail Fowl Terrestrial birds Plump-bodies with limited flying ability

Club Struthioniformes Examples: ostriches & emus World's largest birds Reduction in toe number to allow for fast running

Bird Beaks and Feet

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